INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS IN C++

INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS

  CONSOLE INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTION TAKE INPUT FROM STANDARD INPUT DEVICES AND COMPUTE AND GIVE STANDARD OUTPUT. THE STANDARD LIBRARY HEADER FILE IOSTREAM.H DEFINES THE PREDEFINED STREAM OBJECT CIN AND COUT. IN THIS SECTION WE ARE DISCUSS ABOUT CONSOLE INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTIONS IN C++.

UNFORMATTED CONSOLE I/O FUNCTION

    UNFORMATTED CONSOLE I/O FUNCTIONS ARE USED TO PERFORM INPUT AND OUTPUT OPERATIONS AT CONSOLE. THE CONSOLE I/O FUNCTION ARE GETCHAR(), PUTCHAR(), GETS(), PUTS(). GET CHAR() AND PUTCHAR() ARE SINGLE CHARACTER FUNCTIONS AND GETS AND PUTS() ARE STRING FUNCTIONS.

SINGLE CHARACTER FUNCTION

  THE FUNCTION THAT CAN READ OR WRITE ONE CHARACTER AT A TIME IS KNOWN AS SINGLE CHARACTER FUNCTION.

1. GETCHAR( )
2. PUTCHAR( )

GETCHAR( )

   THE GETCHAR( ) FUNCTION READS A SINGLE CHARACTER FROM THE STANDARD INPUT DEVICE. THE GETCHAR( ) WAIT FOR THE CHARACTER INPUT UNTIL A CHARACTER IS TYPED AT THE KEYBOARD.





EXAMPLE :

PROGRAM TO INPUT CHARACTERS AND CHANGE THEIR CASE.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
 void main( )
 {
clrscr( );
char ch;
do
{
cout<<"/nENTER A CHARACTER : ";
cin>>ch;
if(ch == '/n')
{
ch=getchar( );
cout<<end1;
}
else
if(ch >= 65 && ch <= 90)
ch=ch+32;
else
if(ch >= 97 && ch <= 122)
ch=ch-32;
putchar(ch);
} 
while(ch ! = '0');
}

PUTCHAR( ) 

  PUTCHAR( ) DISPLAY A SINGLE CHARACTER ON THE STANDARD OUTPUT.






EXAMPLE :

 WRITE A PROGRAM TO SHOW OUTPUT ON THE SCREEN.


#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
char c;
int i,j;
c='A';
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=1;j++)
{
putchar(c);
}
c++;
putchar('\n');
fflush(stdout);
}
}
 

GETC AND PUTC FUNCTIONS

   THE FUNCTIONS GETC AND PUTC ARE ALSO CHARACTER BASED FUNCTION. THE FUNCTION GETC (STDIN) IS EQUIVALENT TO THE FUNCTION GETCHAR( ). THE ARGUMENT STDIN OF FUNCTION GETC MAKE IT READ FROM A FILE REPRESENTED BY A STANDARD INPUT DEVICE THAT IS NOTHING BUT KEYBOARD.

    THE FUNCTION PUTC (STDOUT) IS EQUIVALENT TO THE FUNCTION PUTCHAR(). THE FUNCTION SEND THE CHARACTER TO THE STANDARD OUTPUT DEVICE.

STRING FUNCTIONS

  C++ PROVIDES GETS( ) AND PUTS( ) FUNCTION TO HANDLE STRINGS.

GETS()

  THE FUNCTION GETS() READS A STRING FROM THE STANDARD INPUT DEVICE.





EXAMPLE :

CHAR NAME[ 20 ];
GETS (NAME);

PUTS( )

   THE FUNCTION PUTS() WRITES A STRING ON THE SCREEN. THE FUNCTION PUTS() IS USED TO SEND A STRING TO THE STANDARD OUTPUT DEVICE.

EXAMPLE :

#include<iostream.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

char str[80];

int i;

int wordcount=0;

puts("Enter a string upto 80 characters : ");

get(str);

for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; i++) 

{

if(str[i]==' ')

wordcount++;

}

count<<"The number of words are"<<wordcount<<"\n";

return0;

}

 

UNFORMATTED STREAM I/O FUNCTIONS

   THE CLASSES ISTREAM AND OSTREAM DEFINED UNDER IOSTREAM.H DEFINE SOME FUNCTIONS TO HANDLE CHARACTER AND STRING INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATION. THE FUNCTIONS ARE GET(),PUT(),GETLINE() AND WRITE().

SINGLE CHARACTER FUNCTIONS

   

GET()

 THE GET() FUNCTION IS AN INPUT FUNCTION. IT READ A SINGLE CHARACTER AND STORES IT IN A VARIABLE CHAR TYPE. GET() FUNCTION TO USED IN ASSOCIATION WITH CIN OBJECT IN THE FORM OF CIN.GET().





EXAMPLE :

CHAR CH;
CIN.GET(CH);  

GET A CHARACTER FROM KEYWORD AND ASSIGN IT TO CH.

PUT()

   THE PUT() FUNCTION IS AN OUTPUT FUNCTION AND IS USED TO OUTPUT A CHARACTER AT A TIME. THE PUT() FUNCTION IS A MEMBER FUNCTION OF THE OSTREAM CLASS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN OSTREAM OBJECT.






EXAMPLE :

COUT.PUT('H');
COUT.PUT(65);

MULTI CHARACTER FUNCTION

   THE GETLINE() AND WRITE() FUNCTIONS HANDLE LINE ORIENTED INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATIONS OR FUNCTIONS.

GETLINE()

 THE GETLINE() IS AN INPUT FUNCTION AND READ A LINE OF TEXT THAT ENDS WITH A NEWLINE CHARACTER.

EXAMPLE :

CIN.GETLINE(LINE,SIZE);

WRITE()

     THE FUNCTION WRITE() IS AN OUTPUT FUNCTION AND IT CAN DISPLAY AN ENTIRE LINE.





EXAMPLE :

COUT.WRITE(LINE, SIZE);

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