INPUT OUTPUT OPERATORS IN C

INPUT OUTPUT OPERATORS

     INPUT OUTPUT IS AN EXTERNAL PART OF A PROGRAM. WE CAN GIVE VALUES TO VARIABLES USING ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS.





EXAMPLE :   X = 10;         

    ANOTHER METHOD IS TO USE INPUT FUNCTION  SCANF. WHICH CAN READ DATA FROM A KEYBOARD. FOR OUTPUT IN RESULTS WE USE PRINTF. EACH PROGRAM THAT USES STANDARD INPUT OUTPUT FUNCTION. SCANF AND PRINTF MUST CONTAIN  THE STATEMENT # INCLUDE < STDIO.H >.

READING A CHARACTER

       READING A SINGLE CHARACTER CAN BE DONE USING THE FUNCTION GETCHAR( ). GETCHAR( ) TAKES THE FOLLOWING FORM,

  VARIABLE_NAME = GETCHAR( ); 

WRITING A CHARACTER

   THE FUNCTION PUTCHAR( ) IS USED TO PUT A CHARACTER ON THE SCREEN.





PUTCHAR(  VARIABLE_NAME );

FORMATTED INPUT

        FORMATTED INPUT REFERS TO AN INPUT DATA THAT HAS BEEN ARRANGED IN PARTICULAR FORMAT.





EXAMPLE  : 157 . 25  53  JOHN

     WE USE SCANF FUNCTION FOR FORMATTED INPUT. SCANF MEANS 'SCAN FORMATTED'. THE GENERAL FORM OF SCANF IS,

SCANF( "CONTROL STRING", ARG 1, ARG 2,.............., ARG N );

 THE CONTROL STRING CONTAINS FIELD SPECIFICATION CONSIST OF,

1. THE CONVERSION CHARACTER - % , DATA TYPE CHARACTER, AN OPTIONAL NUMBER SPECIFYING THE FIELD WIDTH.
2.  BLANK, TABS OR NEWLINES.

EXAMPLE  :  SCANF( " %D ",&AREA);

FORMATTED OUTPUT

        TO MAKE OUTPUT ON THE SCREEN MORE UNDERSTANDABLE WE CAN USE FORMATTED OUTPUT FUNCTION PRINTF. IT CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY TO CONTROL THE ALIGNMENT SPACE ON THE SCREEN. THE GENERAL FORM OF PRINTF IS,





PRINTF( "CONTROL STRING", ARG 1, ARG 2,.............., ARG N );

       CONTROL STRING CONSIST OF 3 TYPES OF ITEMS.

1.  CHARACTER THAT WILL BE PRINTED ON THE SCREEN AS THEY APPEAR.
2.  FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS THAT DEFINE THE OUTPUT FORMAT FOR DISPLAY OF EACH ITEM.
3.  ESCAPE SEQUENCE CHARACTERS SUCH AS \N, \T, \B ETC.

 EXAMPLE  :  

PRINTF( " \N NAME = %S \N AGE = %D \N  GRADE = %C ",NAME,AGE,GRADE );

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